The mechanisms that determine human sexual orientation have been the subject of heated controversies. homosexual) is a behavioral trait that displays one of the largest degrees of sexual differentiation, given that 90–97% of individuals of one sex display an attraction that is different from that of the other sex. ( 1) were classifying sexual orientation in seven distinct categories ranging from completely heterosexual to completely homosexual. Intermediate forms of attraction also exist, and as early as in 1948, Kinsey et al. There is, however, a significant minority (3–10% according to many estimates) of men and women who are exclusively attracted to individuals of their own sex they are homosexual. Most people are sexually attracted to individuals of the opposite sex they are heterosexual. How these biological prenatal factors interact with postnatal social factors to determine life-long sexual orientation remains to be determined. Genetic differences affecting behavior either in a direct manner or by changing embryonic hormone secretion or action may also be involved. It seems therefore that the prenatal endocrine environment has a significant influence on human sexual orientation but a large fraction of the variance in this behavioral characteristic remains unexplained to date. Second, clinical conditions associated with significant endocrine changes during embryonic life often result in an increased incidence of homosexuality. Because some of these traits are known to be organized by prenatal steroids, including testosterone, these differences suggest that homosexual subjects were, on average, exposed to atypical endocrine conditions during development. First, multiple sexually differentiated behavioral, physiological, or even morphological traits are significantly different in homosexual and heterosexual populations. Two types of evidence support this notion.
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In animals and men, many sexually differentiated characteristics are organized during early life by sex steroids, and one can wonder whether the same mechanism also affects human sexual orientation. Sexual orientation is a sexually differentiated trait (over 90% of men are attracted to women and vice versa). There are, however, a large number of studies indicating that prenatal factors have an important influence on this critical feature of human sexuality. heterosexuality) is determined by education and social constraints. Many people believe that sexual orientation (homosexuality vs.